Large-scale synthesis and characterization of carbon spheres prepared by direct pyrolysis of hydrocarbons

Large-scale production of pure carbon spheres, with diameters from 50 nm to 1 lm, has been achieved via direct pyrolysis of a wide range of hydrocarbons, including styrene, toluene, benzene, hexane, cyclohexane and ethene, in the absence of catalyst. Specific systematic studies using styrene as the feedstock indicate that the sizes of the resulting of carbon nanospheres can be controlled quite well by adjusting the experimental conditions. The resulting materials have been fully characterized using SEM, TEM, AFM, HRTEM, EDX, elemental analysis, density measurement, XPS, FTIR, XRD, Raman, and TGA. The results show that the spheres, which are 99% carbon, consist of concentric incompletely closed graphitic shells. The dangling bonds on the edges of the shells result in high chemical reactivity. 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.